THE JUKU SYSTEM: THE OTHER FACE OF JAPAN'S EDUCATION SYSTEM
By Reiko Watanabe
Many foreigners find it incomprehensible why so many Japanese children flock to the Juku, or private after-school classes in cram schools. So I hope to examine
the role of the Juku in the Japanese educational system and also consider why the Juku flourishes so today. Without understanding the role of the Juku, one essentially misses the "other half" of the Japanese education
system.
Most foreigners must feel they want nothing to do with jukus. Apparently, for the foreigner, the Juku conjures up images of assembly-line
style classrooms of kids handing in worksheets to their teachers, but this
was not my experience. When I was a high school student, I went to a small
juku with at-home atmosphere. As there were only five or six students in one
class, I remember we studied quite efficiently. Besides, the bond between
teachers and students there was so strong that I still keep in touch with
one of the teachers. It was one of the Juku in good old days, I suppose.
Later I myself taught at a juku for a short time at a middle sized cram school for elementary, junior
high and high school students. This school had maintained a pastoral atmosphere
because of its owner's philosophy and perhaps its location in Fukuoka,
a rather laid-back city compared to Tokyo. The owner was a former public
high school teacher who had quit because he did not like the uniformity
of public high schools. He was a humanist and interacted closely and warmly
with teachers, students and their parents. Students studied quite hard
but enjoyed chatting and had fun with teachers during short breaks and
looked happy there. For me therefore, the word juku is associated with a nice, cozy but also effective place to study.
However, most of my Tokyo university friends used to go to much more academically
rigorous cram schools beginning from their elementary school days. Now
their children also attend such intensive cram schools as a matter of course
(the second juku generation) while parents like myself who were brought up without such severe cram school experiences, hesitate to put kids into such jukus.
The Role of the Juku
There are mainly two types of jukus:
-- okeikogoto (enrichment lessons)
Nowadays, all sorts of extracurricular activities are an indispensable part of the most Japanese children's lives. Most Japanese children take up some form of okeikogoto lessons like piano, swimming, ballet and calligraphy.
-- juku
This involves assistance such as supplementary studies in academic subjects.
Homeschooling parents may find the juku to be a useful supplement to home-school studies. And many foreign parents do resort to jukus in Japan.
Anne Conduit, author of "Educating Andy. The Experience of a Foreign Family in the Japanese Elementary School System" wrote, "I wonder whether the Japanese achievement would be
as high without the cram school system." The top students in her son's
class (at a public elementary school in Tokyo) were all attending the more
competitive cram schools while her son Andy attended Kumon, a franchising
juku (see below for details)). Conduit postulated that it was a combination
of the primary school and the cram school which produced such high achievements
in mathematics for the Japanese(p194). I agree with her there ... that
without jukus, the Japanese academic level would be far below than the present level.
Another author Mary White, in her book "The Japanese Education Challenge, A Commitment to Children" wrote of an interesting episode:
"Visiting Washington, the Japanese minister of education met with
the American secretary of education, who praised Japanese schooling and
exhorted Americans to borrow the key to academic achievement, the excellent
Japanese Juku system. A shocked silence followed, after which an aide informed the secretary
that it is precisely the juku that the ministry wants to abolish, to relieve exam pressure on Japanese
children. The secretary may not have been very well briefed, but like many
others, he sees in the juku the harnessing of effort and commitment that Americans feel our schools don't have. If we could only import the juku, the secretary may have felt, just as we have imported Sonys and Toyotas."(p180)
As this episode reveals the Japanese Monbusho (Education Ministry) has
not, until recent times, acknowledged the significance of the juku in the Japanese education system. Paradoxically, regardless of the Monbusho's
intentions (to abolish the Juku system), jukus have intruded further and further onto its turf. For example, seven universities in Kyoto have started employing juku teachers this spring to help their students acquire or brush up their
basic academic skills (The Daily Yomiuri, June 5, 2000 or go to http://www.egroups.com/message/edn-in-jpn/105).
The increasing dominance of the jukus is also shown by the recent debate over whether jukus should be allowed
to help colleges put together their entrance exams, to which the Education
Ministry finally stepped forward to say that it would not be acceptable
for any juku to have control over setting the entrance exams (The Daily Yomiuri, May,
2000).
Academic excellence and Jukus
More than 40% of elementary school children in the metropolitan Tokyo area
and 77.2% of junior high students attend cram schools. Their parents spend
approximately 127,000 yen and 210,000 yen a year respectively on the juku (source: "Report on Children's Education Fee in 1996 fiscal year"
by the Education Ministry). Where children go to a cram school specializing
in junior high entrance examinations, it is said to cost nearly 2 million
yen for the last three years of elementary school days.
The key reasons why Japanese children started to attend cram schools are
mainly to keep up with school classes, to prepare for entrance examinations
and to follow friends who already go to cram schools. According to some
Monbusho and Gyosei surveys, children and parents are in general satisfied
with cram schools because children's grades usually go up with the help
of cram school teachers, and because cram school teachers tend to be more
dynamic and enthusiastic than ordinary school teachers. Children also enjoy
their interactions with friends and teachers there.
Academic jukus can be roughly divided into the five categories below:
1. Yobikos or big cram schools specializing in entrance exams
2. Locally-based middle- or small-sized cram schools
3. Schools for salvaging dropouts or avoiding school children (free schools, etc.)
4. Franchising cram schools
5. Other miscellaneous types of cram schools
Click here for a Annotated Guide to the Juku Jungle
Other Related Internet Links
Jukus & Yobikos by Shoji Sugita. He looks at what is studied at Nichinoren juku, its cost, etc.
What Causes Examination Wars? By Shuichi Fujimori
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